Agent
Orange Presumptive List Expanded
BY
LEONARD J. SELFON, VETERANS BENEFITS PROGRAM
Pursuant
to the Agent Orange Act of 1991, the VA entered into an
agreement with the National
Academy of Sciences (NAS) to review the scientific
associations between exposure
to herbicides during the Vietnam War and diseases suspected to
result from such
exposure. NAS submits reports on its activities every two
years. The
law also provides that when, based on sound medical and
scientific evidence, the VA determines
that a positive association exists (i.e., the credible
evidence for the association is
equal to or outweighs the credible evidence against the
association), the VA will publish regulations
establishing presumptive service connection for that disease,
(i.e., the veteran will
not have to provide medical evidence of a relationship between
exposure and the
subsequent onset of the disease in question). The Secretary's
determination must be based
on a consideration of the NAS reports and all other available
sound medical and scientific
information and analysis.
Between
July 1993 and April 2001, the VA issued regulations that
established presumptive service connection for several
diseases for Vietnam veterans. These include:
chloracne,
Type II diabetes mellitus, Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma,
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma,
acute and subacute peripheral neuropathy, porphyria cutanea
tarda, prostate cancer,
respiratory cancers (cancer of the lung, bronchus, larynx, or
trachea), and certain soft-tissue
sarcomas. If a veteran who was exposed to an herbicidal agent
in service subsequently
develops one of the presumptive diseases, the VA will presume
that the disease
was caused by the exposure to that herbicide for purposes of
granting service connected
benefits.
In
each of its four previous biennial reports, the NAS determined
that there was "inadequate/insufficient"
evidence to determine an association between exposure to an
herbicide
agent and the development of leukemia. Following the 2001 NAS
report, the VA asked NAS
to review the possible association between exposure to Agent
Orange and a particular
form of leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In its
2002 update, NAS concluded
that there is sufficient evidence of such an association.
After considering all of the
evidence, VA Secretary Principi determined that there is a
positive credible association
between
exposure to herbicides used in Vietnam and the subsequent
Occurrence of CLL and that a presumption of service
connection for CLL is warranted.
Consequently,
on March 26 the VA published a proposed regulation to add CCL
to the list of
presumptively service-connected diseases incurred as the
result of exposure to herbicides
used in the Vietnam War. Interested organizations and
individuals have until late
May to provide their comments on the proposed regulation. The
VA will then consider all
of the comments received and issue a final regulation.
USE
OF AGENT ORANGE OUTSIDE OF VIETNAM
The
VA has announced that the Defense of Department (DoD) has
released a list of locations
outside of Vietnam where Agent Orange was used or tested over
a number of years. The
listings are mostly Army records, although there are a limited
number of Navy and Air
Force records. These listings relate only to chemical efficacy
testing and/or operational
testing. The records, however, do not refer to the use of
Agent Orange or other
chemicals in routine base maintenance activities, such as
spraying along railroad tracks,
weed control on rifle ranges, etc. The VA has been advised
that information on such use does not exist.
The
VA does have significant information regarding Agent Orange
use in Korea along the demilitarized
zone (DMZ). DoD has confirmed that Agent Orange was used from
April 1968 through
July 1969 along the DMZ. The military defoliated the fields of
fire between the front-line
defensive positions and the south-barrier fence. The size of
the treated area was a
strip of land 151 miles long and up to 350 yards wide from the
fence to north of the "civilian
control line." There are no records that reflect spraying
within the DMZ itself.
Agent
Orange and other herbicides were applied through hand spraying
and by hand distribution
of pelletized herbicides. Although restrictions limited the
potential for spray drift,
run-off, and crop damage, records indicate that effects of
spraying were sometimes observed
as far as 200 meters down wind. Units
in the area during the period of use of herbicide include: the
four combat brigades of the
2nd Infantry Division (1-38 Infantry, 2-38 Infantry, 1-23
Infantry, 2-23 Infantry, 3-23 Infantry,
3-32 Infantry, 109th Infantry, 209th Infantry, 1-72 Armor,
2-72 Armor, 4-7th Cavalry);
and 3rd Brigade of the 7th. Infantry Division (1-17th
Infantry, 2-17th Infantry, 1-73 Armor,
2-10th Cavalry). Field Artillery, Signal, and Engineer troops
were supplied as support
personnel as required. The estimated total number of exposed
personnel is 12,056.
For
purposes of claims for service connection, if a veteran is
determined to have been exposed
to Agent Orange in Korea or in other recognized areas (e.g.,
Panama), then the presumption
of service connection for the listed diseases applies. Special
Compensation for 10 Diseases: As with veterans of any period,
Vietnam veterans with
disabilities arising during or aggravated by military service
may receive monthly VA compensation.
As knowledge has grown from studies of Agent Orange, some
latent diseases that may
not have become evident in service have been recognized
presumptively.
Based on clinical research, 10 such diseases are now on the
presumptive list:
chloracne, Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma, porphyria cutanea
tarda, respiratory cancers (lung, bronchus, larynx and
trachea), soft-tissue sarcoma,
acute and subacute peripheral neuropathy, prostate cancer and
spina bifida.
Compensation,
health care and vocation rehabilitation services are provided
to Vietnam veterans'
offspring with spina bifida, a congenital birth defect of the
spine. Vietnam veterans
are not required to prove exposure to Agent Orange; VA
presumes that all military
personnel who served in Vietnam were exposed to Agent Orange.